Dynamic mechanical and Charlesby-Pinner analyses of radiation cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)

Abstract

The properties of EVA copolymers with various vinyl acetate (VA) contents were compared, with EVA 206 (6 wt.% VA) and EVA 212 (12 wt.% VA) having the same melt flow indices of 2 g/10 min. The impact of electron irradiation at levels of 60, 120, and 180 kGy was studied. Four testing methods were employed as follows: wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD); differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), using a high-temperature frequency sweep at 150 °C; and gel content analysis. The amount of crystalline phase was determined by WAXD and DSC. Copolymers with a higher VA content (EVA 212) had lower crystallinity. The increase in the amorphous phase allows for the greater movement of radicals, enabling them to react and form cross-links. The effects of the VA content, radiation dose, and frequency on dynamic mechanical properties were investigated by DMA. The DMA analysis focused on the shear storage modulus (Formula presented.), damping factor (Formula presented.), and complex viscosity (Formula presented.). After irradiation, the damping factor (Formula presented.) decreased with an increasing VA content, indicating improved elasticity and a higher degree of cross-linking. A gel content analysis was used to calculate the parameters of the Charlesby-Pinner and Charlesby–Rosiak equations, which help with the determination of the relationship between cross-linking and chain scission. The ratio of cross-linking to scission (Formula presented.) was higher for the EVA with a higher VA content (EVA 212). Due to a higher VA content (12 wt.%), EVA 212 exhibits more efficient network formation. © 2025 by the authors.